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The Condemnation of Blackness:
Race, Crime, and the Making of Modern Urban America
(Hardcover) ~ Khalil Gibran Muhammad
Lynch mobs, chain gangs, and popular views of black southern
criminals that defined the Jim Crow South are well known.
We know less about the role of the urban North in shaping
views of race and crime in American society.
Following the 1890 census, the first to measure the generation
of African Americans born after slavery, crime statistics,
new migration and immigration trends, and symbolic references
to America as the promised land of opportunity were woven
into a cautionary tale about the exceptional threat black
people posed to modern urban society. Excessive arrest
rates and overrepresentation in northern prisons were
seen by many whites—liberals and conservatives, northerners
and southerners—as indisputable proof of blacks’ inferiority.
In the heyday of “separate but equal,” what else but pathology
could explain black failure in the “land of opportunity”?
The idea of black criminality was crucial to the making
of modern urban America, as were African Americans’ own
ideas about race and crime. Chronicling the emergence
of deeply embedded notions of black people as a dangerous
race of criminals by explicit contrast to working-class
whites and European immigrants, this fascinating book
reveals the influence such ideas have had on urban development
and social policies.
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